Fluid retention in legs: What causes it and how to treat it?

Fluid retention in the legs, also known as peripheral oedema, occurs when excess fluid builds up in the tissues, causing swelling and discomfort. This can affect one or both legs and is often linked to poor circulation, lifestyle factors, or underlying medical conditions. While fluid retention is common, persistent swelling may indicate an issue such as varicose veins or venous insufficiency. In this article, we explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for fluid retention in legs, with expert insights from UK Vein Care.

What causes fluid retention in legs?

Several factors can contribute to fluid retention in the legs, including:

• Varicose veins: Weak vein valves can cause blood to pool in the lower legs, leading to increased pressure and fluid leakage into the surrounding tissues. Read more on our page on varicose veins.
• Venous insufficiency: When veins struggle to return blood to the heart efficiently, fluid can accumulate in the legs.
• Heart conditions: Congestive heart failure can lead to fluid buildup in the body, particularly in the legs.
• Kidney disease: Impaired kidney function can result in an imbalance of fluids, contributing to swelling.
• Sitting or standing for long periods: A sedentary lifestyle or prolonged standing can hinder circulation and lead to fluid retention.
• Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, menopause, or certain medications can cause the body to retain more fluid than usual.

Symptoms of fluid retention in legs

The symptoms of fluid retention in legs vary depending on the underlying cause but often include:

• Swelling in the feet, ankles, or lower legs that worsens throughout the day. Learn more in our article on swollen feet, ankles, and legs.
• A heavy or tight feeling in the legs, making movement uncomfortable.
• Skin changes, such as tightness, shininess, or indentations when pressed (pitting oedema).
• Reduced flexibility in the ankles and knees.

If swelling is accompanied by pain, redness, or sudden changes in skin colour, it may indicate a more serious condition like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and should be assessed by a doctor.

How is fluid retention related to varicose veins?

Varicose veins are a common cause of fluid retention in legs due to poor circulation. When vein valves become weakened, blood can pool in the veins, leading to increased pressure that forces fluid into the surrounding tissues. This can result in swelling, aching legs, and skin changes over time. Read more in our article on aching legs.

If left untreated, varicose veins can lead to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which increases the risk of long-term swelling and skin complications. Seeking medical evaluation can help determine whether fluid retention in legs is linked to venous disease and if treatment is needed.

Treatment options for fluid retention in legs

The best treatment for fluid retention in legs depends on the cause. Some common approaches include:

• Lifestyle changes: Regular movement, reducing salt intake, and elevating the legs can help prevent fluid buildup.
• Compression therapy: Compression stockings can improve circulation and prevent swelling.
• Medical treatment: If fluid retention is caused by heart, kidney, or venous conditions, medication may be necessary.
• Varicose vein treatment: If varicose veins contribute to fluid retention, minimally invasive treatments like laser therapy or sclerotherapy may be recommended.

Research on fluid retention and venous disease

Research has shown that fluid retention in legs is commonly linked to venous disorders and becomes more prevalent with age:

• According to Chronic Venous Insufficiency published in Circulation (American Heart Association), 5% to 30% of adults experience venous insufficiency, with the prevalence increasing in older age groups.
• A study published in Pathophysiology of Edema in Patients with Chronic Venous Insufficiency from Phlebolymphology found that 90% of cases of lower leg swelling are caused by chronic venous disease.

These findings highlight the importance of identifying and treating fluid retention in legs early to prevent complications.

Conclusion

Fluid retention in legs is a common condition with multiple possible causes, including venous insufficiency and varicose veins. While mild swelling is often temporary, persistent fluid retention may indicate an underlying issue requiring medical attention. If you experience ongoing swelling, discomfort, or skin changes, UK Vein Care offers expert diagnosis and treatment options to improve circulation and relieve symptoms.