Leg oedema: what it is and how it can be treated

Leg oedema, or swelling in the legs, is a common issue experienced by many people. It can result from various factors, but one of the most frequent causes is varicose veins. At UK Vein Care, we often see patients suffering from swollen legs associated with circulation problems. In this article, we’ll explore what leg oedema is, why it occurs, and the treatment options available—particularly if it’s linked to varicose veins.

What is leg oedema?

Oedema is the medical term for an abnormal build-up of fluid in the body’s tissues. This fluid accumulation happens when the body’s normal balance between fluid absorption and removal is disrupted, causing fluid to leak from blood vessels and collect in the surrounding tissue. When it comes to leg oedema, this build-up occurs in the lower extremities, leading to visible swelling.

The swelling can vary in severity—from mild and barely noticeable to more pronounced, where the skin feels tight and stretched. Oedema typically affects the feet, ankles, and lower legs. In some cases, it can cause discomfort, a heavy sensation, and reduced mobility, significantly impacting quality of life.

According to NICE guidelines, a thorough clinical assessment is essential for anyone with persistent leg swelling, especially if venous conditions like varicose veins are suspected. Early diagnosis ensures the most effective treatment.

Common symptoms of leg oedema

Leg oedema can present in various ways, depending on the severity of the swelling and its underlying cause. Recognising these symptoms early can help you identify the issue and seek appropriate treatment. Common symptoms include:

• Swelling in the feet, ankles, and lower legs
• A feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the legs
• Tight or shiny skin
• Indentations on the skin from socks or shoes
• Occasionally, pain, cramps, or a dull aching sensation in the legs

Common causes of leg oedema

There are several causes of oedema in the legs. It is often related to circulation issues, but other medical conditions or lifestyle factors can also play a role. Understanding the underlying causes is key to determining the right diagnosis and treatment. Here are some of the most common causes of leg oedema:

• Varicose veins and venous insufficiency: When vein valves don’t function properly, blood pools in the veins, increasing pressure and leading to fluid leakage into the tissue.
• Prolonged sitting or standing: This can hinder blood flow and cause fluid to accumulate in the legs.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and increased weight can lead to swelling in the legs.
• Heart failure or kidney issues: Underlying medical conditions can contribute to fluid retention.
• Lymphoedema: Blockages in the lymphatic system can cause swelling in the legs.

Research shows that chronic venous disorders are often complex and require a holistic approach to treatment, addressing both the oedema and its root cause.

The connection between leg oedema and varicose veins

With varicose veins, the valves in the veins do not function optimally, causing blood to flow backwards and pool in the veins—particularly in the lower limbs. This increased pressure can cause small amounts of fluid to leak into the surrounding tissue, leading to the swelling known as oedema. Swelling is often most noticeable at the end of the day or after long periods of standing, as gravity exacerbates the pooling of blood in the legs.

If varicose veins are left untreated, the condition can progress to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). CVI significantly impairs blood flow in the legs, worsening oedema and potentially causing complications like skin changes and leg ulcers. According to research published in Clinical Perspectives and Management of Edema in Chronic Venous Disorders, early intervention and appropriate treatment can prevent such complications.

Treatment options for leg oedema

Self-care and lifestyle changes

• Wear compression stockings: These improve blood flow and help reduce swelling.
• Elevate your legs: Raising your legs above heart level helps blood flow back to the heart.
• Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or swimming, can improve circulation.

Medical treatments

If oedema is linked to varicose veins, more advanced treatments may be required:

• Endovenous laser treatment (EVLT): A minimally invasive and highly effective method for treating varicose veins.
• Sclerotherapy: A treatment involving injections that cause the affected veins to collapse and disappear.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgical intervention for varicose veins may be necessary.

When should you seek help for leg oedema?

Persistent swelling in the legs can be a sign of underlying issues that require professional assessment. If you experience swelling that doesn’t subside with rest or worsens over time, consult a doctor. Symptoms such as pain, skin discolouration, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, or the appearance of varicose veins may indicate more serious conditions like venous insufficiency or lymphoedema.

Seeking help early is crucial, as a specialist can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend treatments that can prevent complications and improve your quality of life. Early treatment can also reduce the risk of long-term damage to blood vessels and promote faster recovery.

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