What are varices? Understanding varicose veins and their impact

Have you noticed twisted veins bulging under the skin, especially on the legs? These are varices, the medical term for enlarged blood vessels, commonly known as varicose veins. While they often appear on the legs, they can also develop in other areas of the body, including the pelvis and esophagus.

The problem begins when venous valves, which regulate blood flow back to the heart, fail to function properly. This causes blood to pool in the veins, making them swell and sometimes causing discomfort or pain. In this guide, we will cover everything you need to know about varices—from causes and symptoms to modern treatments that can help restore lightness to your legs.

Why do varices develop?

Varices occur when veins become enlarged and twisted due to increased pressure or valve failure. This leads to inefficient blood flow back to the heart, a condition known as venous insufficiency.

Some of the main risk factors include:

• Genetics – If your parents had varicose veins, you are much more likely to develop them.
• Prolonged standing or sitting – Jobs that require long hours on your feet, such as retail or office work, put extra pressure on the veins.
• Pregnancy – Increased blood volume and pressure from the growing abdomen can trigger varices.
• Age – After 50, veins naturally weaken and lose elasticity.
• Lifestyle factors – Being overweight and leading a sedentary lifestyle increase the risk.

A 2024 study by the European Society of Vascular Surgery found that over 30% of adults in Northern Europe are affected by some form of varices, with prevalence increasing with age.

Different types of varices

Not all varices look the same, and some are more problematic than others:

• Varicose veins – The classic, thick, bulging veins, usually appearing on the legs. They can be a cosmetic concern or cause swelling and pain.
• Spider veins – Small, thin veins that form web-like patterns, often on the thighs or ankles. While mostly harmless, they can indicate circulation problems.
• Pelvic varices – Occur in the pelvic region, often after pregnancy, causing chronic pelvic pain.
• Esophageal varices – Found in the esophagus, typically linked to liver disease. These are serious and require immediate medical attention if they bleed.

How do varices affect daily life?

Varices are not just a cosmetic issue—they can significantly impact your well-being:

• Heavy legs – After a long day, your legs may feel weighed down due to blood pooling in the veins.
• Swelling – Often worsens throughout the day, particularly in the ankles and feet.
• Pain and cramps – Leg cramps, especially at night, are common symptoms.
• Restlessness – An uncomfortable sensation that makes it difficult to relax.
• Self-consciousness – Visible veins can affect confidence, particularly in warm weather when wearing shorts or skirts.

If left untreated, varices can lead to more severe complications such as venous ulcers and inflammation, making early treatment beneficial.

Symptoms to watch for

Varices may not always cause noticeable discomfort, but these warning signs should not be ignored:

• Leg fatigue – A common early symptom of poor circulation.
• Swelling in the feet or ankles – Often worse in the evening.
• Itching or burning sensations – Around visibly swollen veins.
• Unexplained bruising – Fragile veins can rupture easily.
• Skin changes – Discoloration or hardened patches near the ankle may indicate complications.

If you experience sudden pain and redness in one leg, this could signal a blood clot. In such cases, immediate medical attention is required.

How are varices diagnosed?

A doctor can often identify varicose veins simply by examining your legs. However, for a precise diagnosis, ultrasound imaging is used. This allows specialists to assess blood flow and detect valve dysfunction—considered the gold standard in 2025, according to experts at Oslo University Hospital.

Modern treatments for varices

Fortunately, a variety of treatment options are available, ranging from simple lifestyle adjustments to advanced medical procedures:

• Compression stockings – Improve blood flow and reduce swelling, ideal for those who stand for long periods.
• Sclerotherapy – A quick injection treatment that causes small veins to disappear, effective for spider veins.
• Laser therapy – A fast, minimally invasive treatment for smaller varicose veins with minimal discomfort.
• Endovenous treatments – Techniques such as EVLT (endovenous laser therapy) and RFA (radiofrequency ablation) close off larger varicose veins without surgery. A 2024 study reported a 90% success rate one year after treatment.
• Surgical removal – Reserved for severe cases, though less common today.
• Lifestyle changes – Weight loss, regular movement, and elevating the legs can help manage symptoms.

Important: If you suspect a blood clot (a red, hot, painful leg), seek emergency medical attention immediately.

Can varices be prevented?

While you can't change your genetics, certain habits can reduce the risk:

• Exercise regularly – Walking or swimming helps maintain healthy circulation.
• Avoid prolonged standing – Take breaks if your job requires standing or sitting for long hours.
• Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces pressure on the veins.
• Wear compression stockings – Particularly useful during pregnancy or long flights.

A 2023 study found that just 30 minutes of daily activity can lower the risk of varices by up to 20%.

When should you see a doctor?

Not all varices require medical attention, but seek professional advice if you experience:

• Increasing pain or sudden leg swelling
• Skin discoloration or non-healing sores
• Signs of inflammation (redness, warmth, swelling)

Acting early can prevent complications and improve long-term vein health.

Conclusion: Take varices seriously

Varices are more than just a cosmetic issue—they can indicate underlying circulation problems. Fortunately, modern treatments, from laser therapy to simple lifestyle changes, can relieve symptoms and prevent complications.

If your legs feel heavy or new varicose veins appear, don’t wait. Seeking treatment early can save you discomfort in the future.

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